All posts by Ray Grigg

The Quadra Report – Air Conditioning

We use our technologies to adjust to the abnormal, and then we deceive ourselves into thinking that we are living in circumstances that are normal. Air conditioning (AC) is a classical example.

Air conditioning was rare prior to the 1960s, even in America. It has now become a necessity in many parts of the world. Indeed, many regions of the United States would not be habitable without AC. And this is becoming the case in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Middle East, the Gulf States, parts of the Orient and many regions of Europe. When temperatures this July hit 40°C in parts of Paris, riots broke out as people competed to buy the few remaining cooling devices. Many European cities were never designed to be liveable at such temperatures, particularly in Paris where apartments with skylights become saunas. A detailed analysis of death rates has estimated 200,000 Europeans died prematurely in the last four years from heat-related causes, and the global number of annual fatalities has been estimated at 498,000.

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The Quadra Project – Donald Trump: From Farce to Tragedy

When the American president, Donald Trump, addressed the 80th session of the United Nations in September 2025 and declared global warming to be a “hoax”, the world should have braced itself for the consequences of a monumental delusion that contradicts the evidence of over a 100 years of carefully constructed scientific findings. The greenhouse effect that Donald Trump was denying was first identified by an American scientist, Eunice Foote, in 1856. The eventual consequences of continuing to burn fossil fuels were calculated by a Swedish chemist, Svante Arrhenius, in 1896. And the disastrous effects of extensive emissions of carbon dioxide were identified in 1988 by the NASA climatologist, James Hansen, in his submission to the US Senate. Since then, the actual consequences are even worse than the projected worst-case scientific modelling.

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The Quadra Project: Fresh Water

Although Earth looks like a blue planet from space, most of its water is stored in salty oceans, with only about 3% to 3.5% identified as fresh. Of this, about 68% is locked in glacial and polar ice, with other reserves present in soils and in underground aquifers. This leaves only about 1% to be shared by terrestrial consumers. A 2009 study calculated that 4,000 cubic km per year were available for human use, and by 2019 we had used 2,600 of that allotment. Our personal direct use is about 150 litres per day, but per capita global consumption for all uses is about 3,000 litres/day, which equals 1200 cubic metres per person per year, or enough to fill 325 million swimming pools for those who are inclined to think in metaphors.

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Biological Wonders (Part 4) – The Quadra Project

Hoverflies (Eristalis tenax) are not as busy a pollinator as bees, but they are busy. They are involved in the fertilization of about 52% of the world’s crops and about 70% of animal-pollinated wildflowers. What is most interesting about them, however, is their flying. They travel back and forth across the English Channel by the billions. In 2019 Dr. Karl Wotton, of Exeter University in England, decided to do further studies. He visited an oil rig in the North Sea, half-way between Scotland and Norway, to intercept hoverflies to check what pollen they were carrying. Between 2021 and 2023, his team captured 121 insects. In 111 cases, hoverflies carried pollen from more than 100 plants identified as belonging in the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. Because the hoverflies were on their way to either Scotland or Norway, this meant they were able to pollinated flowers more than hundreds of kilometres apart (The Economist, October 11, 2025).

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Trial by Fire – The Quadra Project

John Vaillant’s book, Fire Weather: The Making of a Beast (Vintage
Canada, 2024) begins by describing the fire that consumed the Alberta town of Fort McMurray in May, 2016. In a matter of hours, the conflagration that became known as “The Beast”, destroyed more than 2,500 buildings and homes, thousands more were damaged, 6,000 square kilometres were burned, and nearly 100,000 people had to flee for their lives.

“In the spring of 2016,” writes Vaillant, “halfway through the hottest year of the hottest decade in recorded history, a new kind of fire introduced itself to the world.” The year, in northern Alberta, should have been ordinary, but it wasn’t. Snowfall had been well below average for two years, the spring was unseasonably dry, and the unprecedented heat had dried out everything that was combustible. This was becoming the new normal—a new kind of year with a new kind of threat.

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